3.2.2. Competence profiles

Table 2: Competence profiles for the bachelor's, master's and PhD degree levels

Topic	Bachelor (required level)	Master (required level)	PhD (required level)	Entry-level content?
General principles and concepts in data management – overview	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes
Overview of data types, data type registries and data formats	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
Metadata, metadata formats, standards and registries	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes
Open Research, Open Access, Open Data	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes
Metadata management, registries and publication	basic	basic	intermediate	no
Persistent Identifiers (PID), Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID), Research Organization Registry (ROR)	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles in data management	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
FAIR metadata management and tools for FAIR metadata management	basic	intermediate	advanced	no
Databases and database management systems, data modelling	basic	basic	basic	no
Data structures	basic	basic	basic	no
Master data management, data dictionaries	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
FAIR data management requirements and compliance	irrelevant	basic	intermediate	no
Data management including reference and master data	irrelevant	basic	basic	no
Data storage and operations	basic	intermediate	advanced	no
Data infrastructure, data registries and data factories	basic	basic	intermediate	no
Data security and protection	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
Data backup	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes
Personal data protection, GDPR compliance	basic	basic	intermediate (depending on discipline)	yes
Data anonymisation / pseudonymisation	irrelevant	basic (depending on discipline)	intermediate (depending on discipline)	no
Data management planning, FAIR data management and compliance	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
Data integration and interoperability, data preparation and cleaning	basic	intermediate	advanced	no
Data interoperability and metadata management	basic	basic	intermediate	yes (basic concept)
Organisational roles in data governance, data stewardship	basic	basic	intermediate	no
Data provenance, data lineage	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
Responsible data use, data privacy, ethical principles, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and legal issues	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes
Data quality management, best practices and frameworks, data quality metrics	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes (basic concept)
Data protection policies (including personal data), data access policies, GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) compliance	basic	basic	intermediate	no
Trusted data repositories and certification	basic	basic	intermediate	yes (basic concept)
Data discovery (published data), data selection and use in research	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes (basic concept)
Research data lifecycle	basic	basic	intermediate	yes
Ontologies and controlled vocabularies	basic	intermediate	advanced	yes

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